Women in the French Revolution - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 580 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2019/06/26 Category History Essay Level High school Tags: French Revolution Essay Did you like this example? During the time of the French Revolution women played a large part that lead to the start of the French revolution. They were involved and participated in many uprisings before, during and after that helped contribute to the Revolution. This involved the groups Bourgeoisie, Peasantry and the Sans-Culottes. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Women in the French Revolution" essay for you Create order The Revolution began in 1789, which lasted about 10 years because the people of France took over the government. It was the declaration of man signing which lead to the March to Versailles by the women who were seen as very significant and empowering to the end of the revolution. Even the women who were not directly participating in leading the revolution they helped by using propaganda and promotion of the modern ideas through journals, pamphlets, etc. (Najeeb, 2014). Women were not only fighting for their rights, but for equality for all and to this day us women are where we are thanks to those who stood up. Before the French revolution (1789) women had no kinds of political rights, leaving them unable to vote or have a say in any political campaign. A womens education consisted of learning how to be a house wife, taking care of her children and wife, as well as cooking. Women were looked at as passive citizens, and needed to be good wives, and mothers. The women who were from the sans-culottes or peasantry faced many problems and suffered from things like increased pricing, very low wages and no jobs. Of course these women wanted a change and demanded equality in those things they were lacking and had an off balance of. It was seen as odd for a woman to want to fight and be interested in politics. It is horrible, it is contrary to all laws of nature for a woman to want to make herself a man (Sherman Salisbury, pg. 502). A women fighting for her rights was looked as if she was a man because women were supposed to stay home and do house work. During the Revolution, women were working very hard all to provide for their family and to make a living, due to the rise of cost of living expenses. Mens wages were higher as compared to the working womens wage which was the reason that led to the protesting. All ladies and women started working jobs at factories and those who were married as well. Mean while the bourgeoisie women were taking jobs in professions such as educators and writers (Sherman and Salisbury 37). The increase of bread prices also led women into the direction of protesting and the march. The upper class women wrote papers that indirectly helped and influenced other women. In the video given, in 1972 Leon argued that women should have the right to have possession of a fire arm for their safety during the revolution and protests. (Youtube vid.). During this time woman constantly fought for reduction on prices including bread and changing the constitution for the sake of womens equality. When their demands were i gnored they kidnapped officials. After the Revolution, when women fought very hard and pressured the government to put a change to their life style and the constitution they were given their rights and the right to be involved in political factors therefor them being able to fight. Also giving them the right to divorce and have education. Although I feel still today in the 20th century women are paid slightly less then men, women have achieved a great amount giving us a lot of power.

The Scene Act Iv Scene 1 Of William Shakespeare s ...

Paul Raffled and Gary Watt, described the Elizabethan time as an era where the ‘government was conducted and represented as theatre’ . The aforementioned quote questions the importance of being performative or acting in relation to leading a kingdom or to rule accordingly. Throughout Shakespeare’s plays, he illustrates that magistracy is more than the ability to dictate, but more to do with effectively appearing the part of a magistrate. Encompassing the themes of ‘Divine Right of Kings’, in King Richard the Second, and the ‘Divine Quality of Mercy’, in Merchant of Venice , Shakespeare demonstrates the significance of performance through the unified concept that kingship and law is fragile, easily broken and used for deceptive purposes. This essay will specifically look at the Duel Scene (Act I, Scene III) and the Mirror Scene (Act IV, Scene I) in King Richard the second (Richard II). Also, look into Shylock’s Trial (Act IV, Scene I) and the Casket Game (Act II, Scene IX) in Merchant of Venice (MOV). To which this easy will prove that being performative is to the utmost importance for magistrates during the Shakespearean era. The Duel Scene: The Duel Scene comes into great effect when displaying the importance of performance, and more importantly outlining the theme of the ‘Divine Right of Kings’. Evident from the play as ‘Richard II’s consciousness of what divinely ordained monarch must do which forces him to permit’ , as Ward accurately states. Shown in the DuelShow MoreRelated Merchant of Venice Essay: Antonios Love for Bassanio1721 Words   |  7 PagesAntonios Love for Bassanio in The Merchant of Venice  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚   Antonio feels closer to Bassanio than any other character in The Merchant of Venice. Our first clue to this is in the first scene when, in conversation with Antonio, Solanio says, Here comes Bassanio, your most noble kinsman, / Gratiano, and Lorenzo. Fare ye well: / We leave you now with better company (i. i. 57-59). Once Antonio is alone with Bassanio, the conversation becomes more intimate, and Antonio offers an indebted BassanioRead More William Shakespeares Use of Song in the Early Comedies3188 Words   |  13 Pagesor even a magic lullaby; it is a charm to ward off evils (31-32). That the song lulls Titania asleep is its obvious function, but that it also saves her from the snakes and spiders should be apparent even to modern audiences because, beginning the scene, Titania orders her train to kill cankers and keep back / The clamorous owl (II.ii.3-6); that is, the fairies are ordered not only to lull the queen asleep but also to shelter her from such natural evils as the cankers which threaten the same offenceRead MoreEssay on Biography of William Shakespeare2736 Words   |  11 PagesBiography of William Shakespeare William Shakespeare was born on April 23, 1564. He was baptized on April 24, 1564, in Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire. He was the third of eight children born to John Shakespeare and Mary Arden, three of whom died in childhood. John was a well-known merchant and Mary was the daughter of a Roman Catholic member of the gentry, or high social position. The house where Shakespeare spent his childhood stood adjacent to he wool shop in which his father plied a successfulRead More Barkovs Hamlet: A Tragedy of Errors Essay6762 Words   |  28 Pages William Shakespeare authorship: The text of Hamlet contains indications that Shakespeare portrayed himself as an allegedly dead university graduate. HAMLET: A TRAGEDY OF ERRORS, OR THE TRAGICAL FATE OF WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE? by Alfred Barkov To the contents When the text of William Shakespeare: a mask for Hamlet - Christopher Marlowe? William Shakespeare Hamlet is read attentively, and no details are disregarded, it becomes evident that William Shakespeare included in it something quite differentRead MoreMacbeth9435 Words   |  38 PagesMacbeth From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This article is about Shakespeare s play. For other uses, see  Macbeth (disambiguation). A poster for a  c.  1884 American production ofMacbeth, starring Thomas W. Keene. Depicted, counter clockwise from top-left, are: Macbeth and Banquo meet the  witches; just after the murder ofDuncan; Banquo s ghost; Macbeth duels Macduff; and Macbeth. Macbeth  is a play written by  William Shakespeare. It is considered one of his darkest and most powerful tragedies.Read MoreA Picatrix Miscellany52019 Words   |  209 PagesCONTENTS On the Picatrix I. Introduction to the Picatrix (The Aim of the Sage) of al-Majriti, Maslamati ibn Ahmad II. Summary of the Contents of the Picatrix III. Excerpt from a Lecture on Alchemy by Terence McKenna On the Moon and the Lunar Mansions IV. Extracts on the Moon V. The Mansions of the Moon: â€Å"On the Creation, Proportion and Composition of the Heavens for the Fashioning of Images† VI. The Picatrix: Lunar Mansions in Western Astrology VII. W. B. Yeats and â€Å"A Vision:† The Arab Mansions of

Difference Multiculturalism Diversified, Not Unified Free Essays

Multiculturalism connotes diversity in culture and society. In realization of the diversity in American culture, multiculturalism has its roots in the things that separate people from each other. Varieties of multiculturalism go in different directions; but whether radical or liberal, whether emphasizing power or weakness and the distinct contributions of each ethnic group, multiculturalism keeps coming back to its roots in the word â€Å"difference†. We will write a custom essay sample on Difference Multiculturalism: Diversified, Not Unified or any similar topic only for you Order Now The ideal of diversity, the mixing of things up, spreading the wealth, creating a new concept of â€Å"us†, never quite ensued rapidly. In relating to racial, ethnic and sexual identity, multiculturalism carved out discrete areas of high visibility but kept those areas self-contained. Since the middle of the 1990’s, dissatisfaction with this situation has been widespread, especially as the very concept of race has been forcefully called into question. Black may have been beautiful in the 1960’s, and powerful in the 1970’s, but it has also become increasingly viewed by cultural historians as a social construct, one fixed in place only by racism itself (Cotter, 2001). In fostering positive relationships across the â€Å"difference multiculturalism† reveal a classic problem of traditional American individualism. This means people come without a strong bond to the community the individual can pursue his or her own ideas and values without check by the views of other people. A multiculturalism rooted in difference exaggerates the individualist’s tendency to let one’s personal feeling become the norm for judging the rest of the world. Most people assume the correctness of their own views, and they find confirmation in their own experience. This is a universal human tendency, but one that needs to be somewhat reigned in for a society to survive. As it magnifies ethnocentricity, Charles Taylor criticized â€Å"difference multiculturalism† as he proposed a resolution of the conflict between the politics of universal dignity and the ethnocentric type of multiculturalist politics of difference. Parens (1994) believed that it is less a compromise than an attempt to compel ethnocentrists to achieve universal dignity. Rather than bestowing all cultures equal respect, â€Å"difference multiculturalism† risks essentializing the idea of culture as the property of an ethnic group or race; it risks reifying cultures as separate entities by overemphasizing the internal homogeneity of cultures in terms that potentially legitimize repressive demands for communal conformity As Henry Louis Gates has written, â€Å"mixing and hybridity are the rule, not the exception.† This way of understanding â€Å"difference multiculturalism† obscures the concept of hybridization by magnifying on differences, which clearly raises the same problems associated with the melting pot. Multiculturalism†¦is a theory (albeit vague) about the foundations of a culture rather than a practice which subsumes cultural ideas (Harrison, 1984). As a widely-scoped concept, the term is often used to describe societies (especially nations) which have many distinct cultural groups, usually as a result of immigration. This can lead to anxiety about the stability of national identity, yet can also lead to cultural exchanges that benefit the cultural groups. By including all differences, one cannot help but exclude those who do not respect the difference of others. Apart from its original concept, even multiculturalism must exclude. By acquiring the universal culture of willing universal laws, all human beings were to become included in the human family. Thus, cultural practices that emanate from some source other than our own; it has perhaps made us forgetful of the ineradicable character of exclusion and attachment to â€Å"one’s own† in politics. In his analysis, Terence Turner (1993) cites the explicit use of culture in politics, he advocates â€Å"critical multiculturalism† instead as a means to avoid essentialist notions of culture embedded within â€Å"difference multiculturalism†. In this, Turner approvingly quotes Stam and Shohat (n.d.): critical multiculturalism, they say, â€Å"rejects a unified, essentialist concept of identity . . . Rather, it sees the self as polycentric, multiple, unstable, historically situated, the product of ongoing differentiation and polymorphous identifications† (Turner 1993, p. 418). Thus, as â€Å"difference muliticulturalism† magnifies differences through identity politics, â€Å"critical multiculturalism† seems to be a better alternative as it pluralizes groups and cuts across them, thereby encouraging diverse voices to participate in democratic debate. Works Cited Cotter, H. Beyond Multiculturalism, Freedom?   New York Times.  (Late Edition, East Coast). New York, N.Y., 29 July 2001, p.  2.1 Parens, J. Multiculturalism and the Probglem of Particularism, The American Political Science Review, vol.88, no.1, 1994. Taylor, Charles. Comparison, History, Truth In F.E. Reynolds and D. Trang. (eds.) Myth and Philosophy. Albany: NY, 1990. Turner, T. Anthropology and Multiculturalism: What is anthropology that multiculturalists should be mindful of it? Cultural Anthropology, 1993, Vol.8, No.4    How to cite Difference Multiculturalism: Diversified, Not Unified, Essay examples

Holistic Assessment and Planning for Bipolar- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theHolistic Assessment and Planning for Bipolar Disorder. Answer: Introduction In the presented case study, the 42 years old male patient experienced bipolar disorder manifested with the manic episode. The reason for patients admission in the medical facility attributes to his psychological outbursts and aberrant behavior that eventually resulted in his transfer to the mental health setting by the local police. Patients clinical history revealed the elevated intensity of his psychosocial deterioration warranting the administration of person-centered, holistic and culturally appropriate nursing care interventions for the systematic enhancement of his psychosocial outcomes. The systematic analysis of this case study includes the description of the mental status examination, clinical formulation table, nursing plan, clinical handover, pattern of therapeutic relationship with the treated patient, cultural safety convention and recovery-oriented nursing care interventions. The case analysis considered the conventions of cultural safety that requires implementation f or the enhancement of the mental health of the admitted patient. The barriers to the establishment of mental well-being as well as the key-mental issues of the patient are discussed in length in accordance with the standards of mental health practice. The Mental Status Examination (MSE) Attributes Description Level of consciousness Patient appeared occupied with uncontrolled emotions outside the field of his consciousness. His level of his emotional activation and behavioral imbalance was evident by pressure of speech and irrational thoughts(Lee, Kim, Lee, 2016). Appearance and general behavior Patient presented in shorts and a bright multi-colored shirt. He appeared overwhelmed and influenced with positive emotions. Speech and motor activity Patient exhibited the pattern of abrupt conversation and severe mood variability that evidently indicated his motor hyperactivity pattern (Krane-Gartiser, et al., 2016). Affect and mood Patient appeared in a dysregulated mood as well as euthymic state, reflected by his functional disturbances(Kumar, Sinha, Mondal, 2016). Thought and perception Patient exhibited the pattern of disturbed thought process reflected by the unscrambling of negative sentences that evidentially indicated the existence of his negative cognition(Miklowitz, Alatiq, Geddes, Goodwin, Williams, 2010). Attitude and insight Patients stereotypical attitude was exhibited the pattern of his aggressive, illogical and dangerous behavior. Patients manic state was indicative of his unmet personal needs(Hajda, et al., 2016). Patient exhibited impaired insight substantiated with the state of hypersexuality, humor, euphoria and grandiosity(Cassidy, 2010). Attention The patient appeared influenced by the pattern of sustained attention interrupted by euthymic periods, thereby indicating his cognitive vulnerability (Ancn, et al., 2010). Language Patient reportedly made personal and offensive comments to the medical staff and appeared violent and loud in speech. Memory Patient reportedly exhibit the pattern of memory loss during MSE Constructional ability and praxis Normal Abstract reasoning Normal Clinical Formulation Table Attributes Biological Psychological Social Predisposing Patient did not exhibit family history of any psychological disorder. Unremarkable family history of any psychological stress. Patient did not experience any social manifestation. Precipitating No known history of utilization of psychotropic drugs. However, the state of patients sleeplessness increased his psychological stress and disrupted the sleep physiology. This psychosomatic disturbance appeared to precipitate his bipolar disorder. Patient experienced the pattern of distress under the influence of psychosocial circumstances. His desire of gaining sexual gains and false claims apparently exhibited the state of his uncontrolled emotions that proved to be the precipitating factors of his bipolar manifestations. Patient experienced the risk of losing his present job because of recession and major restructuring in his company Perpetuating No apparent perpetuating factor noticed during the clinical investigation. Inconsistent insight and aberrant behavior. The state of patients euphoria and illusion substantially perpetuates his bipolar manifestations. Emotional and physical distances from the spouse. The absence of a strong family support system appeared to be the perpetuating factor of patients bipolar complications. Protective No apparent protective factor recorded during the clinical investigation. Patient appears educated with a well-to-do social and professional background. Stable pattern of the social circle and relationship with spouse. Nursing Care Plan Nursing Care Needs Explanation Nursing Intervention Rationale Ineffective coping and absence of self-esteem The pattern of euphoria and abrupt behavioral pattern exhibited by the patient indicates the state of his mental imbalance as well as disturbance of thoughts that significantly perpetuate his bipolar disease complications. Resultantly, patient experiences reduction in self-esteem and fails to cope with the emotional inconsistencies. Resultantly, these psychosocial deficits require systematic mitigation on highest priority. The nurse professional requires undertaking systematic exploration of patients perceptions and beliefs, economic circumstances, problem solving skills and deteriorated self-concept. Accordingly, the nurse needs to administer various physical and mental interventions for encouraging patients participation in various social activities like exercise, outing and excursion. The emotional and psychosocial interventions substantially improve coping skills and enhance the pattern of patients self-esteem across the community environment (Labrague, McEnroe-Petitte, Al , Fronda , Obeidat, 2017). Self-directed risk of aggression, violence and resultant injury Patients manic state substantiates the pattern of his irritation, mood deterioration, anger and frustration. Resultantly, the patient remains occupied with the offensive tendency of attacking himself or other people in his immediate surroundings. Therefore, this psychological condition requires mitigation on highest priority. The nurse professional requires administering cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for controlling the state of patients self-directed violence. CBT proves to be a highly influential technique requiring administration for controlling the pattern of patients self-directed aggression and the resultant risk of trauma(Chen , et al., 2014). Clinical Handover Luis is a 42 years old male who is a known case of bipolar disorder and admitted to the mental health facility because of his manic episode. The patient experiences the state of mental inconsistency substantiated by the pattern of his behavioural and emotional imbalances and pressured speech pattern. The serious and abrupt mood variations of the patient are indicative of his negative emotional pattern and facilitate the pattern of his aggressive and violent behaviour. The patient appears euthymic and focuses too much on his self-perceived notions. His deleterious thoughts evidentially elevate the risk of self-inflicted injuries. The patient lacks effective coping skills warranted for dealing with his psychosocial circumstances and exhibits diminished pattern of self-esteem. He does not exhibit any family history of psychological disorder and remains socially connected with his friends and peers. The marital relationship of the patient with his wife remains at risk because of his fals e apprehensions and abnormal behavior. Patient needs to comply effectively on the prescribed medications and requires regular nursing care for controlling his psychological symptoms. Part 2 (Therapeutic Engagement and Clinical Interpretation) The Therapeutic Relationship The nurse professional requires establishing the pattern of a therapeutic alliance with the treated patient in the context of improving the level of his trust, confidence and satisfaction on the recommended psychotherapeutic interventions (Sylvia, et al., 2013). In the presented clinical scenario, the nurse professional needs to identify the individual perceptions, culture, concerns, beliefs, difficulties, treatment challenges and environmental constraints faced by the patient while configuring a protective environment. Accordingly, nurse professionals need to dominate the thought process of the patient with the utilization of motivational interventions in the context of overcoming his psychosocial deficits and associated mental manifestations (Manetta, Gentile, Gillig, 2011). Registered nurse understanding the pattern of patients resistant behavior and psychosocial conflicts through the utilization of a therapeutic relationship. The nurse professional must administer a therapeutic dialogue with the treated patient in the context of evaluating the causative factors of his behavioral disruptions and enhancing his compliance to the recommended therapeutic interventions. The nurse professional requires understanding the pattern of patients violent behavior and his individualized psychosocial requirements through the systematic utilization of therapeutic communication. The assessment of patients dangerous indicators, safety risks, social support system, opinions and strengths are highly required by the nurse professional in the context of administering holistic healthcare interventions for reducing the risk of self-inflicted injuries (Usta Taleb, 2014). The nurse professional requires utilizing therapeutic communication for the effective administration of cognitive behavioral intervention to the treated patient (Ardito Rabellino, 2011). The cognitive intervention with the configuration of the therapeutic relationship assists the nurse professional in reducing th e orientation of the treated patient towards practicing violent approaches that substantially decrease the risk of experiencing self-inflicted injuries. Cultural Safety Culturally safe nursing interventions require utilization with the objective of preserving the beliefs and practices of the treated patients while effectively including them in the process of their medical decision-making (Vogel, 2015). In the presented case scenario, the patient might prove to be overenthusiastic in terms of disclosing personal matters in front of public. Dysfunctional beliefs of the patient might also prove to be the greatest barrier in administering goal oriented nursing care interventions in the mental healthcare setting (Geddes Miklowitz, 2013). The nurse professional in the presented case scenario would require developing the pattern of cultural connectedness with the treated patient. This cultural connectedness is evidentially warranted for the systematic administration of culturally competent biopsychosocial interventions in the context of acquiring the desirable treatment outcomes. In the presented case scenario, the nurse professional needs to consider the cultural background of the treated patient for customizing the nursing interventions in accordance with his individualized requirements and self-care needs. Accordingly, the nurse professional would enhance the activities of daily living of the treated patient while effectively increasing his trust and confidence on the recommended psychosocial and therapeutic remediation. This will substantially influence patients thought process and assist in reducing the intensity of his bipolar manifestations. Recovery-Oriented Nursing Care The recovery-oriented nursing care model effectively considers entire aspects of patients healthcare with the objective of developing the pattern of self-sufficiency and self-efficacy in the treated patient (Cleary, Lees, Molloy, Escott, Sayers, 2017). The nurse professional requires exploring the social support systems of the treated patient (in the presented case scenario) with the objective of enhancing the power of patients medical decision-making. The registered nurse needs to increase the confidence of the treated patient and develop the elements of self-confidence, accountability and reliability with the systematic utilization of value-driven behavioral strategies (AGDOH, 2017). The nurse professional requires undertaking the systematic evaluation of the pattern of patients psychological strengths and weaknesses as well as social engagement and familial controversies. The assessment of these attributes is necessarily required for enhancing the pattern of patients positive bel ief and adding value and meaning in his life to the desirable extent (AGDOH, 2017). The utilization of person-centered, holistic and culturally appropriate nursing care interventions is necessarily required for enhancing the pattern of patients individual autonomy for improving the pattern of his self-perception and associated psychosocial outcomes. The development of a positive healing culture for the treated patient is highly warranted for improving his speech and communication pattern, rights and attitudes and respect and dignity in the context of effectively controlling his behavioral outcomes. The systematic partnering of the treated patient, his friends and family members in the process of medical decision making is necessarily required for providing him the best treatment choices in the mental healthcare setting (AGDOH, 2017). The eventual empowerment of the treated patient would assist him in making calculated healthcare choices for the systematic acquisition of the goal ori ented mental health outcomes. Accordingly, the patient would be able to control and mitigate the perpetuating and precipitating factors of his bipolar disorder (AGDOH, 2017). The pattern of courteous interactions with the treated patient would assist in the systematic evaluation of the recovery process and enhance his quality of life and associated wellness-outcomes. The periodic discussion regarding the social matters, family relationships, economic constraints and behavioral constraints with the treated patient will eventually create a sense of recovery in the treated patient (AGDOH, 2017). Resultantly, the patient will attempt to develop purpose and focus in life while systematically mitigating the bipolar symptomatology. Bibliography AGDOH. (2017). Principles of recovery oriented mental health practice. Retrieved from https://www.health.gov.au/internet/publications/publishing.nsf/Content/mental-pubs-n-servst10-toc~mental-pubs-n-servst10-pri Ancn , I., Santos , J. L., Teijeira , C., Snchez-Morla , E. M., Bescs, M. J., Argudo , I., . . . Cabranes-Daz , J. A. (2010). Sustained attention as a potential endophenotype for bipolar disorder. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 235-245. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2009.01532.x Ardito, R. B., Rabellino, D. (2011). Therapeutic Alliance and Outcome of Psychotherapy: Historical Excursus, Measurements, and Prospects for Research. Frontiers in Psychology. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00270 Cassidy, F. (2010). Insight in bipolar disorder: relationship to episode subtypes and symptom dimensions. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 627-631. doi:10.2147/NDT.S12663 Chen , C., Li, C., Wang, H., Ou, J. J., Zhou, J. S., Wang , S. P. (2014). Cognitive behavioral therapy to reduce overt aggression behavior in Chinese young male violent offenders. Aggressive Behavior, 40(4), 329-336. doi:10.1002/ab.21521 Cleary, M., Lees, D., Molloy, L., Escott, P., Sayers, J. (2017). Recovery-oriented Care and Leadership in Mental Health Nursing. Issues in Mental Health Nursing. Retrieved from https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01612840.2017.1314738?journalCode=imhn20 Geddes, J. R., Miklowitz, D. J. (2013). Treatment of bipolar disorder. Lancet, 381(9878). doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60857-0 Hajda, M., Prasko, J., Latalova, K., Hruby, R., Ociskova, M., Holubova, M., . . . Mainerova, B. (2016). Unmet needs of bipolar disorder patients. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 1561-1570. doi:10.2147/NDT.S105728 Krane-Gartiser , K., Steinan , M. K., Langsrud , K., Vestvik , V., Sand , T., Fasmer, O. B., . . . Morken, G. (2016). Mood and motor activity in euthymic bipolar disorder with sleep disturbance. Journal of Affective Disorders, 23-31. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2016.05.012 Kumar, M., Sinha, V. K., Mondal, A. (2016). Subjective Symptoms in Euthymic Bipolar Disorder and Remitted Schizophrenia Patients: A Comparative Study. Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine, 38(2), 109-113. doi:10.4103/0253-7176.178771 Labrague , L. J., McEnroe-Petitte , D. M., Al , A. M., Fronda , D. C., Obeidat, A. A. (2017). An integrative review on coping skills in nursing students: implications for policymaking. International Nursing Review. doi:10.1111/inr.12393 Lee, S. A., Kim, C. Y., Lee, S. H. (2016). Non-Conscious Perception of Emotions in Psychiatric Disorders: The Unsolved Puzzle of Psychopathology. Psychiatry Investigation, 165-173. Manetta, C. T., Gentile, J. P., Gillig, P. M. (2011). Examining the Therapeutic Relationship and Confronting Resistances in Psychodynamic Psychotherapyx`. Innovations in Clinical Neuroscience, 8(5), 35-40. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3115766/ Miklowitz, D. J., Alatiq, Y., Geddes, J. R., Goodwin, G. M., Williams, J. M. (2010). Thought Suppression in Patients With Bipolar Disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 119(2), 355-365. doi:10.1037/a0018613 Sylvia, L. G., Hay, A., Ostacher, M. J., Miklowitz, D. J., Nierenberg, A. A., Thase, M. E., . . . Perlis, R. H. (2013). Association Between Therapeutic Alliance, Care Satisfaction, and Pharmacological Adherence in Bipolar Disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 33(3). doi:10.1097/JCP.0b013e3182900c6f Usta, J., Taleb, R. (2014). Addressing domestic violence in primary care: what the physician needs to know. Libyan Journal of Medicine. doi:10.3402/ljm.v9.23527 Vogel, L. (2015). Is your hospital culturally safe? CMAJ, 187(1). doi:10.1503/cmaj.109-4953

7 Fortnite Points That Can Teach You Most in Fast Essay Writing

If you havent been living under a rock for the last few years, you must have already heard about Fortnite. Even most people who have never played a video game in their life are probably aware of its existence by now. It would not be an exaggeration to say that Fortnite has ceased to be a simply extremely popular game and turned into a full-fledged socio-cultural phenomenon. You realize just how big it is when you take a look at how many people play Fortnite it reportedly has over 200 million players, making it currently one of the most popular video games in existence. So what is Fortnite, exactly? In this article, we primarily speak about Fortnite Battle Royale, one of its three game modes that is primarily responsible for the resounding success of the franchise. As is clear from its name, it belongs to the currently extremely popular battle-royale genre basically, a free-for-all battle for up to 100 participants. The battle is held in a limited and constantly shrinking playable area, which gradually forces players to move closer to each other. The match continues until there is only one man left standing. Epic Games, the developer who makes Fortnite, wasnt the one who invented the genre or even popularized it. The genre itself is based on the 2000 Japanese film Battle Royale, and the game that made it popular was PlayerUnknowns Battlegrounds or PUBG for short. Unfortunately for its creators, PUBG was and still is plagued with bugs, cheaters, hackers, lags, graphics glitches, and other issues. If you ask yourself When did Fortnite come out?, you will see that it managed to ride the popularity of its predecessors gathering many players disillusioned by PUBG and offering a more polished, stylistically-appealing and, last but not the least, free-to-play experience. Taking into account how many students play Fortnite, one would think that it can be a major drain on their productivity in school and college. But how would you react if we say that in addition to the fun you have playing Fortnite has a lot to teach you about studying in general and fast essay writing in particular? You will probably say that it is just wishful thinking. Well, consider what we have to say before laughing it off, okay? 🔠¥ 1) Fortnite Teaches You to Make the Best of Your Situation At the start of every match, players are randomly dropped across the island and have to scour their surroundings for weapons and resources. You have very limited control over where you are going to drop and no way of knowing what resources you will have to work with. It calls for inventive strategies and creative use of the limited tools you have at your disposal. The same goes for essay writing. Even if you know how to write an essay of this or that type, you may end up with a topic you dont want to have anything to do with or a subject you cant find any information about. So, the next time you get into this kind of trouble, simply think about it as a match gone wrong and try to find a way to creatively use what little you have. âÅ"  2) It Teaches You to Be Patient in the Face of Failure How big is Fortnite player base? Youve already known that there are more than 200 million players. However, you should realize that different types of players spend a dramatically different amount of time in the game, with the members of the core player base (about 40 million of those who play at least once per month) playing much more than the rest of the community. Therefore, as a beginner, you are going to be pitted against much more experienced players who arent going to go easy on you. In the beginning, you should be ready to lose a lot. But from these failures, you are going to slowly accumulate experience necessary to be the best of the best among your opponents. Maintaining this approach calls for patience and the ability to learn from your mistakes exactly what you need to learn for high-quality essay writing. If you have little or no writing experience, no amount of theory is going to help you write a good essay. You have to work out on your own based on what works and wha t doesnt for yourself. ⠏ ³ 3) It Teaches You Effective Time Management One of the major differences Fortnite has from most other battle-royale games is the resource gathering and building mechanic. The pickaxe you carry around allows you to gather resources and build various objects to improve your position. Combined with the limited time you have until the storm closes in, it requires you to maintain the balance between gathering enough resources, building and getting to the safe zone in time. This is pretty much exactly what you have to deal with when you write a research paper. You have limited time and have to skillfully manage and control it to divide what you have between research, writing per se and editing. Quick essay writing isnt just about your typing speed it is also about your ability to work efficiently and know how much preparation is enough. âÅ"  4) It Teaches You to Think Ahead If you want to write your paper fast, probably the worst thing you can do is to skip preparation and planning and move on straight to writing. Chances are that you will have to rewrite fragments of your paper multiple times forgetting to mention important points and make a mess of the general structure in your paper. As they say, a minute of preparation saves you at least ten minutes of writing. The same goes for Fortnite just jumping straight into the fray is a surefire way to get yourself killed. It is a game that doesnt reward a happy-go-lucky attitude and taking chances without thinking things through. If you want to have a fighting chance to win a match, you have to carefully plan your actions ahead and prepare for the changing conditions. Thinking on your feet is good, but it is much better if you have already done all the thinking you need beforehand. âÅ"… 5) It Teaches You the Importance of Communication and Cooperation Although Fortnite Battle Royale is primarily associated with the Last Man Standing mode, it can be played in teams (and the original game mode, Fortnite Save the World, is exactly this a cooperative game). And this game serves as an excellent demonstration of the maxim that a team often can easily achieve the results that are impossible or very unlikely for an individual. A newbie is better off teaming up with more experienced players than trying to figure things out by himself. The same goes for essay writing. Although you can teach yourself how to write, some things can only be learned from experts, especially when it comes to quick writing tips it is very unlikely that you will stumble upon them on your own. Ask more skilled writers for advice, say Write my research paper introduction so that I learn how it is done properly, consult those who have already worked on the topic in question. All this will help you deal with problems that are too hard to handle by yourself. 🛠  6) It Proves You the Importance of Practice No Fortnite player wins his first match. With 99 other players out there willing to kill you, chances are that you are going to die within minutes of the matchs start. Only by playing a lot, learning new strategies and trying them out in practice, improving your skills and developing your own approaches to problem-solving can you hope to ever get a chance to be the last man standing. No amount of online guides and manuals can teach you to be better only constant practice can make you a better player. And it is a mindset that would be very useful when dealing with fast essay writing. You cannot simply read a guide on how to write an essay quickly and magically become able to do it. If you want to be able to write high-quality papers without spending too much time on them, you have to first spend a fair share of time practicing it. âš   7) It Teaches You That Even Great Effort Doesnt Always Guarantee Success It doesnt matter how experienced a player you are, sometimes, you just have to deal with bad luck. You may fail to find a good weapon or medical supplies quickly enough. You may be dropped in the same spot with a couple of other players. The safe zone may turn up too far away to be reached in time. Skills and preparation can alleviate some of these problems, but sometimes your luck is too atrociously bad to do anything about it. In this case, the best you can hope to achieve is to do your best, even if it is clear from the very beginning that you arent going to win and who knows, perhaps you can turn the tables after all. In essay writing, you can sometimes be given a topic you know nothing about and have to do a lot of painstaking research. Your work may be so uninspiring that it fails to impress your professor even though you spent dozens of hours on it. You may fail to write the essay quickly even though usually it doesnt present any difficulty to you. You may discover that youve mixed up your formatting styles and have to do everything over. Again, sometimes it isnt about your skill it is about bad or good luck. While looking for writing lessons from Fortnite may be a little bit desperate, it doesnt mean you cannot glean some useful insights from your time spent with the game. And if you are going to play anyway, why not do it?

POSITION PAPER Essays - Economy, Child Labour, Childhood

POSITION PAPER Essays - Economy, Child Labour, Childhood POSITION PAPER Committee: The United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) Country: Pakistan Topic I I : Combating Child Labour in Developing Countries Unfortunately Pakistan states that its poverty has been identified as the root cause of child labour by various studies. In spite of its susceptibility to various health outcomes, the child labourers are reluctant to utilise the available health services. Reasons include monetary, long waiting time and attitude of the health providers. Provision of education, especially female education, along with work and infrastructure investment in basic amenities have been suggested as possible interventions. Pakistan records itself among the countries with a high prevalence of child labour and low rates of school participation particularly for girls. Pakistan's school attendance rate is lower than many of its South Asian neighbours. The most recent International Labour Organization (ILO) estimates, based on the national Labour Force Survey 2010-2011 and revealed in the latest publication titled Understanding Children's Work (UCW) in South Asia indicate that 5.7 million 10-17-year-olds, representing almost 20% of all children in the age group, are labourers, with more than two-thirds of those engaged within the agricultural sector in Pakistan. A similar proportion are in unpaid family work. Of the 15-17 year age group, 13.5% are engaged in hazardous work. Children, especially girls, are employed as domestic servants and may be subjected to extreme abuse. Non-state groups kidnap children or coerce parents into giving away their children to spy, fight, or die in suicide atta cks . These children are subjected to physical, sexual, and psychological abuse . Pakistan states that no child would want to face the extremities of child labour in such places but they are left with no other option. The reasons for this type of obligation upon oneself are along the lines of leaving home included; poverty, peers/friends influence and violence, behaviour of the parents, and drug addiction. These children and youths were mostly part of a group that Pakistan was highly dependant on for future generation build. While investigating the criminal record of the street children, it was found that the majority had an arrest record (51.7%). Most (78.1%) were illiterate and only a small proportion knew some type of technical work (14.1%). The major source of income was cleaning/washing cars (39.4%), followed by garbage collection/scavenging (23.1%), begging (11.5%), working in hotels/shops as labourers (7.6%). In order to improve the condition of child labour, a multi-pronged strategy is required. Action at various fronts may include poverty alleviation, ensuring the provision of education especially to female children, establishment of codes of conduct and standards for child labour, involvement of trade unions, corporate social responsibility, legal protection, services provision for rehabilitation of child labour, advocacy involving all stakeholders, appropriate data collection and monitoring along with capacity-building of relevant public or private organisat ions, and action-based research is something that Pakistan as a country hopes to have it achieved. In 2013, Pakistan made a moderate advancement in efforts to eliminate the worst forms of child labour . Provincial governments of the delegation finalized national plans of action on child labour and bonded labour . In Punjab, District Vigilance Committees were re-established to combat bonded labour , including bonded labour of children. The Federal Investigation Agency also improved coordination among law enforcement groups to better track human traffickers and took action against officials complicit in human trafficking as Pakistan had started its patrolling . Interventions for improving the current situation of child labour in Karachi are being carried out by both private and public organisations in Karachi. At the government level, particularly noteworthy are countrywide centres for working children rehabilitation, established in 1995 with the name of National Centre for Rehabilitation of Child Labour (NCsRCL) by the Pakistan Bait-ul-Mal, whic h is a welfare found created throng by the government in 1991. These centres are working for the rehabilitation of those children, who are removed from labour work due to the involvement in hazardous occupation. However, proper maintenance and record-keeping need to be promoted at these centres. The delegation of Pakistan has v arious private organisations that have established some drop-in centres which provide basic health and education facilities for children, including primary healthcare, washing and bathing, provision of food and medications, vocational trainings

Luxury Cruise Ships Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Luxury Cruise Ships - Research Paper Example This offers the meal experience of a hotel, only that guests experience this while travelling; different meals in different locations. Guests have a vast range of beverages from which to select. Guests can choose from a selection of spirits, wines, soft drinks, juices, coffee, bottled water and champagne among others. Furthermore, guests can enjoy their choice of drinks throughout the ship rather than during meal times only. The preferred selections of guests are stocked in their specific suites. The entertainment facilities in luxury cruise ships are quite diverse and unique. There are no reservations, bar tabs or cover charges. There are variety acts, cabaret-style shows, feature films and special performances among others. Once in a while enrichment lecturers hold discussions pertaining to the voyage destination. Guests can also dance to live music. Casino lovers can play casino games. This variety of entertainment compliments the travel experience of guests (Smith 57). Most luxury cruise ships are usually small in size in order to personalize the experience for guests. Such ships are intimate and have more space and fewer guests on board. Such ships also allow guests to experience close encounters with culture and nature. During the journey, guests enjoy personalized one on one service. Small cruise ships are also able to dock in many harbors including small harbors where large cruise ships cannot dock. This increases the number of stops that a small luxury cruise ship can make along the way. The cost of services in a luxury cruise ship is quite high. The vast variety of facilities, in addition to the personalized services that are offered on board contributes to the high cost of luxury cruise trips. This leaves only the wealthy customers who can afford the services. The Cruise experience is far much better than the experience at a hotel, which makes the prices

Opening up a tavern at NDNU Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Opening up a tavern at NDNU - Article Example because this was what the contract with Bonjur provided for. Menlo College which is also a small university located nearby has the same situation as in NDNU in which its cafeteria operates between 17:30 p.m. until 19:30 p.m. for dinner but then has a tavern that opens at 19:00 p.m. until it closes at 23:00 p.m. Students are able to take snacks from burgers to sandwiches if they failed to take dinner at the cafeteria. Menlo students can use their meal plans (chits or â€Å"tavern money†) when ordering (C. Dixon, personal communications, January 28, 2014). This is the same idea that NDNU is going to offer its own students. â€Å"I do not have a car and if the caff is already closed, I have to wait until morning so I can have a real meal,† said Jay Tsuruoka, an NDNU student athlete. Nico Charvet, also a NDNU student athlete, is likewise agreeable to the idea of a different option, especially if the cafeteria is closed already after his soccer practice. â€Å"I am not hungry after practice so I eat much later,† he added. A survey will be conducted among the NDNU students to know what they might want in a menu of snack foods. The plan is to allow students to use their meal plans (called â€Å"flex dollars† in the NDNU community) in order to make the Tavern a success this time around (Hurst,

Human Resources Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 5

Human Resources - Essay Example An HRD professional assumes the duty of the staff trainer or instructional designer. HRD professionals maintain the organization’s reward system to guarantee fair and equitable pay rates. Administer and design the companys reimbursement program, as well as pensions and health insurance. They report any gaps between outputs and expectations and assess workers performance. They conduct training programs, which improve employees skills and enhance their abilities to function as a group. Finally, HRD professionals evaluate training schemes and propose future options for frequent learning. They serve an extremely crucial role in the development of an organization. Their philosophy is that they need to possess numerous skills, as well as competencies, which will assist them to bring success in the organization they work in. They consider their roles to be more crucial than the actual owners of the organization who, therefore, assume the role of a leader. What I learnt about the HRD field, while conducting this interview, was that the field in extremely critical in determining the success of an organization. This is because people who function in this field are the ones responsible for creating the powerful workforce that will bring success to the company. As a child, my father crafted me in to being a leader. I was amazed of how he handled matters as the head of the family with ease. Therefore, I grew up also hoping to play a critical role in bring success to this world. Through jobs, people are able to be successful; hence, no other field would have suit me better than the HR field. This is a place where a person could shape others to becoming successful people in this world. My strengths as a HR professional are that I work diligently. It is always in me to see a task completed successfully, and after that I find myself coming up with a new task. I also opt to listen to other people’s opinions

Literature Review of Finance and Share Price

Literature Review of Finance and Share Price LITERATURE REVIEW This study relates to examine the relationship of cash flow from operations, earning and sales with share price and the previous research has predicted the comparative abilities of cash flow, earning and sales but this study is only concerned with the relationship of cash flow, earning and sales with share price. In the finance literature that market forces determine share price equal to the discounted value of a stream of expected future cash flows (Hollister et al., 2002). Cash flows represent amounts investors expect to receive in the form of dividend payments or from the sale of their shares and not necessarily the annual operating cash flows generated by a firm. Consequently, it is in a very broad sense that share price is considered to embody a firms future cash flows. Even if share price is often thought of and evaluated in terms of cash flows, earnings is also known to be extremely important to managers and analysts because of the key information it conveys about future prospects (Brigham and Ehrhardt, 2002). Various researchers examined value in terms of share return that Earnings reflect a stronger correlation with share return than does current operating cash flows (Watts, 1977; Dechow, 1994; Bartov et al, 1997) .It has been shown that earnings better predicts future operating cash flows than does current operating cash flows because accruals in earnings â€Å"offset the negative correlation in cash flow changes to produce earnings changes that are much less negatively serially correlated ( Dechow, et al 1998) that is why earnings, rather than current operating cash flows, tends to be used in firm share valuations. Earnings quality can be affected by sales volatility (Dechow and Dichev (2002) and Francis et al. (2004). By and large the greater the sales volatility, the more unstable is the operating environment. This results in larger estimation errors for accruals and diminished earnings quality. It gives an idea about how monthly sales announcements of major department and discount stores provide information for investors not only for the retail giants but also for their suppliers (Olsen and Dietrich (1985). The sales volume announcements for the retailers furnish information on the future cash flow prospects for their suppliers and, thus, are incorporated into the suppliers share prices. Dharan (1987) examined the comparative abilities of accrual sales and cash collections of sales to predict future cash flows. It is found that when cash realization occurs in a period subsequent to sales realization, cash flow forecasts from earnings based on accrual sales are better than cash flow forecasts from earnings based on cash collections. This is because of accrual sales â€Å"provides information on managements expectations about future cash flows (Dharan, 1987). Greenberg, Johnson, and Ramesh (1986) used 1963-82 compustate data to test the ability of earnings and CFFO to predict future CFFO, for each firm two separate ordinary least squares regression models were used. The first model test used previous earnings against current CFFO (earnings model) the second model used CFFO for lags of 1-5 years against current CFFO (cash flows model).R square for the earnings and cash flows model were compared and the model with the higher R square was determined to be the better predictor. The results showed that earnings outperformed CFFO in predicting future CFFO. It was concluded that the study provides evidence in support of the FASBs assertions that current earnings is a better predictor of future cash flows than is current cash flows. Juan M. Rivara(1996) found out the accuracy and the consensus among forecasters of earnings estimates for U.S. domestic and U.S. multinational corporations, it was observed that the accuracy of earnings forecasts is significantly lower for purely domestic firms than for U.S based multinationals. Like wise the level of consensus in earnings estimates submitted by financial analysts is significantly lower for U.S. domestic than for U.S. multinational firms. The accounting profession requires that firms disaggregate net income into specific components, even though earnings disaggregation is important for assessing firm profitability, there is little empirical evidence that the classification scheme actually improves profitability forecasts by analyzing the accuracy improvements in out-of-sample forecasts of one-year ahead return-on-equity (ROE) to examine the predictive content of earnings disaggregations (Fairfield, Sweeney, Yohn) .The results show that the classification scheme prescribed by the accounting profession does increase the predictive content of reported earnings. It was found forecasting improvements from earnings disaggregation. These improvements go beyond separating extraordinary items and discontinued operations from the other components of earnings. Further disaggregation of earnings (into operating earnings, non-operating earnings and taxes, and special items) improves forecasts of ROE one year ahead. (Ball and Watts (1972), Albrecht, Lookabill McKeown (1977), Watts and Leftwich (1977) and Lev (1983) studied the Earnings ability to predict future earnings studied first or second order autocorrelations and or forecasts over one or two-year horizons and provided evidence to support a random walk model that is uncorrelated earnings changes, However, random walk may not be descriptive of the earnings process Where as Ramesh and Thiagarajan (1989) rejected a random walk earnings model and Lipe and Kormendi (1993) show that higher order, rather than random walk, models are descriptive of market-adjusted earnings time-series process. Finger (1994) found out the earnings ability to predict future earnings and future cash flow from operations1 one through eight years ahead using annual data from1935-87 for 50 firms. I use time-series methods to test firm-specific predictive ability over the entire time period (hereafter in-sample regression tests) and then compare out-of-sample forecast errors to assess earnings ability to improve earnings or cash flow forecasts up to eight years ahead. He found that earnings are a significant predictor of future earnings, in sample, for 88% of the firms. The random walk provides better out-of-sample forecasts than do individually estimated models one year ahead for 52% of the sample firms, Out of sample forecasts show that random walk models outperform individually estimated earnings models for one-year but not for four- or eight-year horizons. Earnings, used alone and with cash flow, are a significant predictor of cash flow for the majority of firms. However, out-of-sample foreca sts show that adding earnings rarely improves cash flow forecasts. Cash flow is a better short-term predictor of cash flow than are earnings, both in and out of sample, and the two are approximately equivalent long-term. The nature of the information contained in the accrual and cash flow components of earnings and the extent to which this information is reflected in stock prices Sloan (1996). It is found that earning performance attributable to the accrual component of earnings exhibits lower persistence than earnings performance attributable to the cash flow component of earnings, hence results also indicated that stock prices act as if investors fixate on earnings, failing to distinguish fully between the different properties of the accrual and cash flow components of earnings. Lorek Willinger (1996) the time series properties and predictive abilities of cash flow data. Results indicate that this model clearly outperforms firm-specific and common-structure ARIMA models as well as a multivariate, cross-sectional regression model popularized in the literature. These findings are robust across alternative cash-flow metrics (e.g., levels, per-share, and deflated by total assets) and are consistent with the viewpoint espoused by the FASB that cash-flow prediction is enhanced by consideration of earnings and accrual accounting data. Bowen, Burgstahler Daley (1986) examined relationships between signals provided by accrual earnings and various measures of cash flow, Findings indicate that Correlations between traditional cash flow measures and alternative CF measures that incorporate more extensive adjustments are low, 2nd the correlations between alternative measures of CF and earnings are, while the correlations between traditional measures of CF and earnings are high. These first two results are consistent with earnings and alternative measures of CF that incorporate more extensive adjustments conveying different signals. Finally, for four out of five cash flow variables, the results are consistent with the hypothesis that random walk models predict CF as well as (and often better than) models based on other flow variables. An exception to this general result is that net income plus depreciation and amortization and working capital from operations appear to be the best predictors of cash flow from operations. Overall there results are not consistent with the FASBs statements that earnings numbers provide better forecasts of future cash flows than do cash flow numbers. Earlier additional information content of cash flows relies primarily on cross- sectional regression models relating both earnings and cash flows to security return metrics that assumes a uniform relation between earnings (cash flow from operations) and security returns across observations. Ali (1994) however, conditions the incremental information content of unexpected earnings and cash flows from operations on their magnitude with respect to price. It is found that changes in earnings (cash flows from operations) are not expected to persist and thus have reduced implications for returns. Cheng, Liu Schaefer (1996) investigated the Earnings Permanence and the Incremental Information Content of Cash Flows from Operations, findings suggest that the incremental information content of accounting earnings decreases, and the incremental information content of cash flows from operations increases, with a decrease in the permanence of earnings. Barth, Cram Nelson investigated the role of accruals in predicting future cash flows and findings proved that disaggregating earnings into cash flow and the major components of accruals significantly enhances earnings predictive ability, findings also showed relation between cash flow next year and current cash flow and each component of accruals is significant and has a sign consistent with prediction. One of two researchers has re examined the association between earnings forecast error and earnings predictability because there is evidence suggesting that deliberate earnings forecast optimism is not an effective mechanism for gaining access to managers information ( Eames et al. 2002; Matsumoto 2002) ,For earnings level to be an important control variable in examinations of the association between forecast error and earnings predictability, there must be associations between earnings level and both forecast error and earnings predictability. Numerous studies report an inverse relation between forecast error and the level of reported earnings ( Brown 2001; Eames et al. 2002; Eames and Glover 2002; Hwang et al. 1996). The association reflects both earnings shocks due to unanticipated events and earnings management. Dechow Dichev suggested a new measure of one aspect of the quality of working capital accruals and earnings, they illustrated the usefulness of analysis in two ways. First, they examined the relation between measure of accrual quality and firm characteristics. The nature of the accrual process suggests that the magnitude of estimation errors will be systematically related to business fundamentals like the length of the operating cycle and variability of operations. It was found that accrual quality is negatively related to the absolute magnitude of accruals, the length of the operating cycle, loss incidence, and the standard deviation of sales, cash flows, accruals, and earnings, and positively related to firm size. Results suggest that these observable firm characteristics can be used as instruments for accrual quality. This is important because the regression based estimation of accrual quality demands long time series of data and the availability of subsequent cash flows, which m akes it costly or infeasible for certain practical applications (e.g quality-of-accruals-based trading strategies). Second they illustrated the usefulness of analysis by exploring the relation between measure of accrual quality and earnings persistence. Firms with low accrual quality have more accruals that are unrelated to cash flow realizations, and so have more noise and less persistence in their earnings. Indeed, they find a strong positive relation between accrual quality and earnings persistence. Although the measure of accrual quality is theoretically and empirically related to the absolute magnitude of accruals, and Sloan (1996) documents that the level of accruals is less persistent than cash flows. Probing further, they found out that accrual quality and level of accruals are incremental to each other in explaining earnings persistence, with accrual quality the more powerful determinant. There are two widely held views regarding managements motivations to managing earnings and each has quite different implications for the predictive usefulness of the resultant numbers .One view is that earnings management is motivated by mangers attempt to sustain the overvaluation of the firms stock price and to enhance managers personal welfare by disguising the true underlying economic performance of the firm (opportunistic perspective). An alternative view is that managers manage earnings to reveal private value-relevant information about the future prospects of a firm (informational perspective). They shown that originally reported (managed) earnings of firms classified as managing earnings for opportunistic reasons are less predictive of future cash flows relative to the restated (unmanaged) numbers. Conversely, they find that originally reported (managed) earnings of firms classified as managing earnings for informational reasons exhibit greater predictive ability with respect to future cash flows relative to restated (unmanaged) numbers. (Badertscher , Collins and lys 2007). Theoretical and empirical work in accounting and finance has documented the importance of firm size when testing the information in security prices with respect to future earnings (Collins et al., 1987) and interested in assessing the information in security prices with respect to the predictive ability of earnings, their finding that price-based-earnings forecasts outperform time-series forecasts by a greater margin for larger firms than smaller firms is of direct interest here. Their result implies that firm-size may help to explain inter-firm differences in the predictive ability of quarterly earnings data and helps to motivate the consideration of firm-size as an independent variable in the current study. Foster et al (1984) report that firm-size independently explains a substantial portion of the variation in post announcement drifts in security returns due to potentially misspecified quarterly earnings expectation models. The magnitude of abnormal returns associated with good or bad news earnings signals is inversely related to firm-size Freeman (1987), speculates that these findings might simply be due to differential time-series properties of the earnings numbers of large and small firms-an uncontrolled factor in his research design-and calls for future research to examine the possibility. Bathke , Lorek Willinger ( 1989) found out differences in the auto regressive parameters of the Foster and Brown and Rozeff ARIMA models across firm-size strata . One-step-ahead quarterly earnings forecasts were generated by a set of best fitting time-series models. Their Tests also indicated that large and medium size firms generated one-step ahead forecasts that were significantly more accurate than smaller firms at the .05 level and they obtained similar predictive findings on the significance of the size-effect in a supplementary analysis of the non seasonal and volatile growth and inconsistent strata membership firms. ChengDana examined the persistence of cash flow components in predicting future cash and the findings were that the cash flow components from various operating activities persist differentially. They found out that the cash related to sales, cost of goods sold, operating expenses and interest persists a great deal into future cash flows; cash related to other has lower persistence; and cash related to taxes has no persistence and then they incorporated accrual components into persistence regression model and found that the persistence of cash flow components are generally higher than those of accruals; however, accrual components do enhance model performance, their findings are consistent with the AICPAs and financial analysts rationale for their recommendation that the financial effects of a companys core and non-core cash flows should be distinguished. Reference Ashiq Ali â€Å" Incremental information content of earnings , working capital from operations and cash flow † Journal of Accounting research†( spring 1994): 61-74 Robert M. Bowen, David Burgstahler, Lane A. Daley â€Å"Evidence on the Relationships between Earnings and Various Measures of Cash Flow † The Accounting Review, Vol. 61, No. 4 (Oct., 1986), pp. 713-725 Richard G. Sloan â€Å"Do Stock Prices Fully Reflect Information in Accruals and Cash Flows about Future Earnings† The Accounting Review, Vol. 71, No. 3 (Jul., 1996), pp. 289-315. Kenneth S. Lorek and G. Lee Willinger â€Å"A Multivariate Time-Series Prediction Model for Cash-Flow Data† The Accounting Review, Vol. 71, No. 1 (Jan., 1996), pp. 81-102 Catherine A. Finger â€Å"The Ability of Earnings to Predict Future Earnings and Cash Flow† Journal of Accounting Research, Vol. 32, No. 2 (Autumn, 1994), pp. 210-22 C. S. Agnes Cheng, Chao-Shin Liu, Thomas F. Schaefer â€Å"Earnings Permanence and the Incremental Information Content of Cash Flows from operations† Journal of Accounting Research, Vol. 34, No. 1 ( Spring, 1996), pp. 173-181. Olsen, C. and J. Dietrich, Vertical Information Transfers: The Association Between Retailers Sales Announcements and Suppliers Security Returns, Journal of Accounting Research, Vol. 23, No. 3, pp. 144-166, 1985. Juan M. Rivera (1996) â€Å" Prediction Performance of Earnings Forecasts: The Case of U.S. Multinationals.†Journal of International Business Studies, Vol. 22, No. 2 (2nd Qtr. 1991), pp. 265-288. Patricia M. Fairfield Richard J. Sweeney Teri Lombardi Yohn â€Å"Accounting classification and predictive content of earning† The Accounting Review, Vol. 71, No. 3 (Jul., 1996), pp. 337-355. BALL, R R.WATTS â€Å"Some Time Series Properties of Accounting Income† Journal of Finance (June 1972): 663-82 Mary E. Barth, Donald P. Cram, Karen K. Nelson â€Å"Accruals and the Prediction of Future Cash Flows †The Accounting Review, Vol. 76, No. 1 (Jan., 2001), pp. 27-58 Michael J. Eames and Steven M. Glover â€Å"Earnings Predictability and the Direction of Analysts Earnings Forecast Errors †Accounting Review, Vol. 78, No. 3 (Jul., 2003), pp. 707-724. Patricia M. Dechow and Ilia D. Dichev â€Å"The Quality of Accruals and Earnings: The Role of Accrual Estimation Errors †The Accounting Review, Vol. 77, Supplement: Quality of Earnings Conference (2002), pp. 35-59. Patricia M. Dechow and Ilia D. Dichev â€Å"The Quality of Accruals and Earnings: The Role of Accrual Estimation Errors †The Accounting Review, Vol. 77, Supplement: Quality of Earnings Conference (2002), pp. 35-59. Brad Badertscher , Daniel W. Collins Thomas Z. Lys â€Å"Earnings Management and the Predictive Ability of Accruals with Respect to Future Cash Flows † Journal of finance, (2007) , PP 01-52. Allen W. Bathke, Jr., Kenneth S. Lorek, G. Lee Willinger â€Å"Firm-Size and the Predictive Ability of Quarterly Earnings Data † The Accounting Review, Vol. 64, No. 1 (Jan., 1989), pp. 49-68 C. S. Agnes Cheng Dana Hollie (1996) â€Å"The Persistence of Cash Flow Components into Future Cash Flows† Journal of finance, pp 1-32.

Mapping The Violence in Colombia Essay -- War, Structural Violence

Mapping The Violence in Colombia The peace researcher Johan Galtung proposes a typology of violence, constructed as direct and indirect, formal-informal and visible-invisible. Regarding it as a triangle, Galtung (1990) states that typology of violence corresponds roughly to the ‘ABC’ levels of the conflict triangle: Attitude, Behaviour and Contradictions. In the first level Direct violence (acts of violence as such) and in second and third level underneath the surface; Structural violence and Cultural violence. See figure below. The ‘Structural Violence’ concept by Galtung (1969) asserts that the structure and culture in societies are a central facet on the explanation of violence; thus, ‘human beings are being influenced so that their somatic and mental realisations are below their potential’. The author distinguishes two types of outcomes of violence: a) effect that violence has; and b) the form of violence. The first is violence manifested on either person-to-person basis (such as familiar violence) or conflict confrontation (i.e. shooting). In the second one, the forms of violence are manifested within society, in its systems and institutionalised practices, and also violence as social phenomena and its constructions in mass media. This will set the basis for the next section to contextualise the multiple causes of violence in conflict situations, such as the case of Colombia, in order to understand the journalism coverage and the development of peace initiatives. I conside r it important to analyse profound violence because of its complexity, diverse variables and causes involved, such as social, economic, political and psychological causes that help to comprehend this society and its journalism with violent and ... ... studies on violence as the following: ‘literary-anthropological (urban scenarios focused on gangs); studies centred in psychological and individual effects of violence (kidnap); analysis of perceptions on violence in all its manifestations, from every-day life; and the internally displaced because of violence†. Violence and sacrifice are two concepts constantly seen in Colombian social imagery; the guerrillas, the paramilitary and political parties propose that it is necessary to sacrifice in order to achieve social goals. Therefore, the sacrifice of martyrs and innocent civilians is justified in either side by demagogic discourse. The notion of sacrifice is also seen in the journalists; the majority of those I interviewed (who were threatened and have been in exile) also exercise the notion of sacrifice for their profession and country by doing their work.

Organizational Culture at Krispy Kreme Essay

Organizational culture is defined as â€Å"a system of shared meaning held by members† of an organization which effectively sets it apart from other groups or organizations (Robbins, 2005). The system referred to in the definition is in reality a group of characteristics which are valued by the members of an organization, in particular, and the entire organization, in general. These characteristics, which are found to be predominant in an organization, are actually advocated and promoted by the founders of the organization. By and large, organizational culture has seven general characteristics which generally describe a certain organization. These are: â€Å"innovation and risk taking, attention to detail, outcome orientation, people orientation, team orientation, aggressiveness, and stability† (Robbins, 2005). Innovation and risk taking refers to the tendency of management to adopt a policy which permits or encourages its workforce to seek out and introduce new methods and approaches even if some amount or risk-taking is involved. Aggressive companies are aptly described by this characteristic. Attention to detail, on the other hand, means that management insists that employees exhibit absolute accuracy in every facet of operation. This is prevalent among companies engaged in the production of precision instruments and devices. Outcome orientation is an organizational characteristic which simply means that the owners of the business are willing to sacrifice adherence to prescribed rules, regulations, and procedures if by doing so optimal results are achieved. Concern for the safety and well-being of its workers are the primary objectives of an organization which is characterized as being people oriented. For this type of an organization, outcome or even profit take secondary position to the welfare of workers. This means that no matter how profitable a decision could be for the company, it could get sidelined if evidence suggests that the safety of the employees would be compromised. Meanwhile, team orientation should be interpreted as the inclination of an organization to organize work activities around work teams rather than individual workers. In other words, the organization believes that teams perform better than individuals. Aggressiveness refers to the management policy of not only tolerating an aggressive attitude among its workers but also encouraging competition. This characteristic also implies that the organization has the tendency to resort to expansion without waiting for stability to be firmly established. Finally, stability is the opposite characteristic of aggressiveness. The company prefers the stable, profitable status quo over hasty expansion plans. An organization characterized by stability is not in a hurry to strive for growth and expansion and is usually contented with the present so long as its desired profit is realized. In the case of Krispy Kreme, its statement of objective clearly made known its aggressiveness, i. . : â€Å"As we enter the 21st Century, Krispy Kreme is not slowing down† (Krispy Kreme Doughnuts, Inc. , n. d. ). This statement depicts a company in a hurry – a characteristic which is very admirable as far as an aggressive individual is concerned. Data available in the company website support this declaration. After the initial public offering of its stock in the year 2000, the first international outlet near Toronto in Canada was inaugurated in December 2001. The Canadian expansion started the company’s thrust towards international growth. Today, barely eight years later, Krispy Kreme products are already available in Mexico, Puerto Rico, the United Kingdom, Kuwait, Dubai, Hongkong, Korea, Japan, the Philippines, Indonesia, and Australia (Krispy Kreme Doughnuts, Inc. , n. d. ). The other appealing characteristics of the company are: innovation and risk taking, and team orientation. The company took its first calculated risk as early as 1950 when it decided to be innovative and sought to improve its doughnut-making process by designing its own doughnut-making equipment. Their objective was achieved through the efforts of a team of equipment engineers that it organized, thereby putting emphasis on the importance of team orientation. The collaboration of the engineers allowed Krispy Kreme to become the first company to serve hot doughnuts to their customers. Their engineering team is also continuously improving their hot doughnut technology to preserve the company’s leadership status in the hot doughnut business (Krispy Kreme Doughnuts, Inc. , n. d. ) The culture at Krispy Kreme could also be characterized as people oriented because the organization is customer-responsive. The workforce is composed of employees who are recruited because of their innate friendliness and service-oriented tendency. Moreover, employees are not bound by hard and fast rules in their dealing with customers. There exists a rather low level of formalization in the company and in its stores that allows employees to make the necessary adjustments that would enable them to deal satisfactorily with different kinds of people who come from all walks of life. Management refers to this policy as empowerment because it allows Krispy Kreme employees to do what they think is necessary in order to make their customers happy and satisfied. Being people oriented (particularly customer-responsive), Krispy Kreme has made it clear that employees should be painstaking in their efforts to please their customers and ensure that they keep coming back (Krispy Kreme Doughnuts, n. d. ). By cultivating and sustaining a strong culture, the management has effectively informed its employees exactly what the company expects of them. Foremost among these is for the engineering team to keep on discovering new technologies that would improve their doughnut-making capability and preserve company leadership in the industry. Then its army of chefs should assume adequate vigilance in the preparation of their products so that customers are always satisfied with Krispy Kreme doughnuts and coffee, among others. Finally, store front-liners are expected to go out of their way to satisfy customer needs – to be sincerely friendly, helpful, and accommodating, thereby generating customer loyalty (Krispy Kreme Doughnuts, Inc. n. d. ). As Robbins (2005) has specifically prescribed, a strong culture should have a â€Å"high degree of sharedness and intensity [which] creates an internal climate of high behavioral control. † At Krispy Kreme, only applicants who are perceived to fit the bill are hired. Then the culture of the company is drilled into them from day one, thereby effectively shaping the organizational behav ior of every worker.

20 Financial Accounting Topics for Research Proposal

20 Financial Accounting Topics for Research Proposal Our previous guide emphasized on facts based on Financial Accounting to help you carry out a research in the light of the facts we provided. Our second guide focuses on different topics related to financial accounting to help you pick the best topics for research. Besides having 20 research topics for your proposal, this guide also contains an essay based on one of them. In addition to this, we have also mentioned a few references at the bottom of this guide as well as the previous one to help you search relevant information regarding the topic you choose. Do not forget to go through our last guide, which contains tips on how to write a research proposal.  It includes the patterns and structures on which a research proposal should be written. It is a must read for students preparing a research proposal for the very first time. So, here are our 20 topics to help you make up your mind to come up with a topic for accounting topics for research of your own or selecting one from the list: Can Accounting Software Help Reduce Cost? How Accounting Software Improve Productivity Can Financial Accounting Reduce Risk Management? A Research on How Financial Accounting is Transforming The Impact of Auditing on the Financial Position of a Business What is Causing Financial Instability among Giant Businesses? The Impact of Increasing Number of Accounting Graduates in the World A Study on How Long Term Debts Affect an Organisation Can a Balance Sheet Give a Company’s Financial Standing?   Is Computerized Accounting Better Than Manual Accounting?   Why Should an Organization Have a Separate Finance Department?   How Would Financial Statements Look Like Without Accounting Standards?   How are Accountants Creating Their Names in the Accounting firm   Is Financial Reporting Critical to Ensure Customer’s Confidence?   Is there a Need to Change Accounting Standards With Evolving Technology?   Why Companies Lie in Accounting Books   Are Current Accounting Standards the Ideal Standards?   Why is There a Need For Regulation in Financial Reporting?   Should Companies Keep Their Financial Instruments Safe?   Is Accounting Only For Big Businesses? To help you even further, we have selected one of the topics above and written a proposal and essay for you to understand how it should be done. Here is a sample essay with a proposal. Sample Essay: Can Accounting Software Help Reduce Cost? The proposal will discuss why you chose this topic and what you wish to find out. Proposal: The use of computer software in accounting is on a constant rise. Computers seem to have replaced human accountants in different industries. Many experts believe it is due to cost difference, but is there more to this issue? This research paper will discuss the impact of computer accounting software, and answer if it really helps reduce cost. Essay: The most difficult and frustrating part about running a business is managing its costs. A successful business requires well maintained a monitoring and management system. A good managing and monitoring accounting software will help you reduce cost, as per most experts. An accounting software helps you automate daily routine procedures and save you a lot of precious time and cost. Accounting software has helped small businesses in gaining an upper edge when it comes to saving cost. For instance, Payroll managing software helps in computerizing data and increasing the pace of the operations. Besides speeding up the process, it also keeps a business safe from making blunders which can turn out to be disastrous in the future or cost the business a hefty loss. The concept of recording operations and inventory of business over accounting programs wasn’t much talk among the successful businesses when manual bookkeeping was at a rise. However, within a very short span of time, accounting software took the industry by storm. The business owners were more than happy to have their data automated and operated with such ease and helped them reduce cost in many ways. According to reports, 50% of all businesses are using software to do full or at least partial accounting. It automates the system which helps in reducing the cost. This move has made manual bookkeeping vanish into thin air. Both large and small business owners are turning over towards using an accounting software for their businesses. If we have a look at supermarts, they are running on accounting software which helps them have smooth financial operations. It reduces time and cost! An accounting software helps you maintain the inventory at an accurate state, it keeps on reminding you if your stock is running out and also makes most documents on its own, with just one click. Since computers are doing most of the maths, you do not run the risk of mistakes either. So, where do you save costs? You save it by reducing your financial department. You do not need to hire accountants as all you need is one person to handle the software and feed the required information into the system. The person will also have more time in hand to devote to other tasks that they would otherwise waste in doing calculations. Accounting software reduces cash flow problems. Tracking the sales detail of a particular product or service lets you know which of your items are more demanded. Thus, it gives you the idea of how to manage your stock. Practicing this technique lets you promote a nice running cash flow. A lack of mistakes also saves you penalties and other such problems, resulting in financial benefits. Exactly how much you can save by turning towards an accounting tool is subjective and depends on the size and nature of your business. But, looking at stats, it says that the savings will be good enough to make the jump. The only trouble is training and getting used to a new system, but considering benefits, it is all worth it. There you have it, a precise, informative essay. Let us now move on to our third and final guide which will help you understand the structure of writing a research proposal. But before that, let’s have a look at references mentioned below. References: Elikai, D. Inancevich, and S. Ivancevich, ‘‘Accounting Software Selection and User Satisfaction,’’ The CPA Journal (May 2007), p. 26. Net Suite (2008) The Benefits of Integrated Business Management Software for Wholesale Distributors: Overcoming the Barriers of Stand-alone Business Applications netsuite.com/portal/pdf/integrated-software-for-wd.pdf Top 10 Accounting/Financial Management Software for Mid-sized Businesses, (2009), otaccounting.com/top_10_accounting.pdf Walker Wayland, (2010), Benefits of a computerised accounting system. wwauckland.co.nz/files/docs/benefits%20of%20a%20computerised%20accounting%20system.pdf

Apprasial Essays

Apprasial Essays Apprasial Essay Apprasial Essay Appraial Employee Training and Development in Health Care Organizations Sean Ackerman Human Resources in Health Care Organizations May 7, 2011 The growth and development of people is the highest calling of leadership Harvey Firestone, American Businessman Introduction Training is a process whereby people acquire capabilities to aid in the achievement of personal and organizational goals. In the healthcare industry, employee training and development is multifaceted and complex. It must address state and federally mandated regulation requirements, organizational objectives and needs, and leadership development. This must all be delivered and documented in an organized and consistent fashion. In the simplest of terms, the training process is tied to a variety of organizational purposes and can be viewed in terms of immediate need and/or long-term objectives.5 Context In the limited perspective, training provides employees with specific, identifiable knowledge and skills for use on their current job. This type of training can present in many forms; from a newly hired employee who needs orientation to department and/or hospital operations, to introducing a new concept in technology or a new computer system to the entire organization. Whatever the reason for conducting a training session, it is important for a company to develop a comprehensive, on-going and consistent training program. This training process is essential in keeping staff motivated about learning new concepts and keeping the organization profitable. Leadership development is broader in scope and focuses on providing individuals with the opportunity to gain new capabilities useful for both current and future jobs. Developing leadership skills in current employees benefits both the organization and the individual. Experienced and knowledgeable employees and managers enhance organizational competitiveness and strengthen the organizationâ„ ¢s ability to adapt to a changing environment. In this development process, individual careers may evolve and gain new or redirected focus.2 A crucial component of leadership development is succession planning; a process of identifying a longer term plan for replacement of key employees. This is a complex process in terms of implementation. However, successful implementation of this process impacts the strength of a department as a whole. The manager that has this plan in place demonstrates strong leadership skills.5 Research Findings Analysis In the United States of America, employers currently spend approximately $60 billion annually on training. For the average employer, training expenditures run at least 1.5% to 2% of payroll expenses and average $677 per eligible employee according to a study by the American Society for Training and Development. Historically, health care organizations have lagged behind in training expenditures in comparison to organizations in other industries but training in health care organizations has evolved significantly over the past decade. There is the growing recognition by employees that training is vital to their personal growth and continued employment and success. As part of strategic competitiveness, employees whose capabilities stay current and who receive regular training are better able to cope with the challenges and changes occurring in health care. Additionally, the training process provides management with the opportunity to assess the skills and abilities of the employees and to identify potential future organization leaders.5 Training in health care organizations is offered in both non-clinical and clinical areas and is delivered via a variety of avenues. In the non-clinical area, health care training includes fire safety, sexual harassment prevention, corporate responsibility, patient safety, customer service skills, quality improvement, diversity awareness, and personal computer courses. The cost of this training is offset by increased revenue as a result of enhanced employee knowledge and skills. For example, a customer service skills training session can provide an organization with high patient satisfaction scores. These high scores directly equate to increased patient volumes and revenue.8 In the clinical area, the accreditation process for the health care industry drives the need for training in organizations. Health care organizations are legally mandated to provide consistent training to ensure that high quality medical care and safety is delivered to all patients. While medically licensed personnel employed by health care organizations, including physicians, nurses and technologists must meet annual continuing medical education requirements to maintain state licensure.8 Health care organizations in the 21st century face continuing challenges in meeting the performance expectations of critical stock holders including consumers, payers, regulators, and other providers. As the baby boomer generation ages, bringing high expectations and increased service volumes to the health care system, a new and overwhelming labor shortage is likely to emerge. Demand for top talent is intense and individuals will choose organizations that afford them meaningful opportunities for growth and development. Results of a survey by the Health Management Academy of Executive Leaders in Health Care and Fortune 500 Companies show a clear consensus that strong leadership is the key to organizational success. Only 41% of health care executives were satisfied with the strength of their current leadership development programs.11 Of additional concern to the health care industry are the results of a study by the Advisory Board which predict a 15% drop in the health care leadership pool over the next several years. To meet these challenges, leading health care organizations are designing and executing leadership development initiatives to lay the foundation for sustained long-term organizational growth and success.7 As with routine annual training, employee development begins with analysis of the needs of both the organization and individuals. Both the organization and the individual employee should assess the employeeâ„ ¢s needs by way of development. The goal in assessment is always to identify strengths and weaknesses. Methods brought into play by organizations to assess development needs can include the use of assessment centers, psychological testing, and performance appraisals. Evidence indicates that analysis of the individualâ„ ¢s development requirements frequently receives insufficient attention in many organizations. Leaders are also expected to demonstrate alignment and energy relative to mission, vision, values and the organizationâ„ ¢s culture and strategic priorities. Effective leadership development programs would include significant emphasis on values integration and communication.11 Technology The amount of each type of training, short-term and long-term, performed varies by organizations and depends on strategic planning, resources, and needs identified within the organization. Once the training plan has been designed, the actual delivery of that training can begin. Initially, the training process should be piloted on a trial basis in order to ensure that the training does indeed meet the identified needs and that the design is appropriate. Approaches and methods of training available vary and when ever-changing and improving technology enters the equation, the choices expand almost daily. Various considerations need to be balanced when selecting training approaches and methods. Some common variables are the nature of the training, subject matter, number of trainees, self-paced versus guided instruction, costs, time allotment, and completion timeline. The delivery of training in the health care system includes on-the-job preceptorship by a supervisor or another proficient employee, in service education on new products, policies and processes, continuing education classes, and training workshops or seminars.5 New technologies are being incorporated into training delivery, design, administration, and support. Health care organizations are investing in electronic registration and recordkeeping systems that allow trainees to register, participate in and record exam results for assigned training. The organization is then able to monitor learning progress. To support training, there are computer applications providing training known as electronic performance support systems. Organizations that utilize computer based programs have required training available for employees at all times. Various reports can be run from these computer based systems, making the information readily available for any accreditation organization inquiring about training for employees that has been performed.5 In the future, as learning and work continue to merge, technology will become seamlessly integrated into the employeesâ„ ¢ work environment. The Importance of Leadership Development The benefits of a comprehensive leadership development program can be represented along a continuum spanning from the individual employee only, through the employee plus the organization and ending with the organization only as illustrated below. Unfortunately, too few companies are committed to employee development.7 LEADERSHIP DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM BENEFITS CONTINUUM Employee Employee + Employer Employer ^ skills boosts morale v employee turn-over ^ knowledge clear company vision ^ productivity ^ job satisfaction ^ motivation fosters new ideas ^ compensation ^ trust prime market position ^ marketing for new hires Through corporate training programs, the individual employee is able to acquire new skills and knowledge, as well as, increase their qualifications and ultimately enhance their overall job satisfaction. Obviously, staff development is an expense but companies fully committed to providing continuous opportunities for employee learning, growth and development generate returns on their investments in terms of increased employee initiative, motivation, trust, and reduced turn over. Companies benefit just as much as the employees from investment in training and education, particularly in terms of having a recruiting edge for the most qualified job candidates. When employee development is performed strategically, a partnership develops among training and development professionals generating greater clarity and agreement among employers and their managers as to business direction, goals and priorities. As a diagnostic tool, development planning allows for the ability of employees to articulate, with precision, the business goals of the organization and the increased value to the business as a result of completion of training programs. I have personally experienced leadership development in my organization. I began my career many years ago with no particular goals in mind. As years went by, I realized I was on a track towards being a leader. The executive team had implemented a talent in sight program for managers and I had been identified as an employee with the ability to move ahead in the organization. Even though I have the ability to be a strong leader, my formal education is not on target with the goal. The CEO has strongly encouraged me to continue my formal education, so that future opportunities within the organization will be available to me. As it turns out, returning to college to receive my degree was one of my better decisions. Thankfully, I work in an organization where leadership development is a priority. Development of Leaders There are many elements for creating the best possible learning experiences for leaders, including the fundamental principals that inform our leadership development efforts and the most effective learning methods.10 Trust and personal credibility form the foundation for leadership. They should also form the foundation of leadership development. Successful leaders must be able to build and sustain trusting relationships with a highly diverse group of people. Intensive training in interpersonal skills is fundamental to every successful leadership effort. Trust and leadership abilities cannot be built over the internet. Leadership is a relationship between human beings and if successful leaders are to be developed, they must be brought together in one room.10 One of the most valuable ways to build trust and to assist the leader in getting a rounded view is to provide 360 degree feed back. This is the single most valuable tool to provide leaders with a realistic agenda for development. Forward-looking is the one attribute that differentiates leaders from other credible people. Constituents want their leaders to have a vision of the future, to know where they are heading. A respectable business cannot be built without predicting the stumbling blocks that can occur down the road. Proactivity is the key to successful leaders. Leadership development should be offered to all employees. Leaders can come from anywhere and must come from everywhere. Everyone who wants to lead must have a plan for her or his own development and take charge of executing that plan. Potential leaders need to be encouraged to get clarity about their strengths and weaknesses. The desire for learning can be inspired, but it must be nurtured continuously. Coaching is critical to that process.5 Conclusion Basic economic resource ¦.is no longer capital, nor natural resources ¦.nor labor. It is and will be knowledge. 4 There is no question that continued learning has merit. However, blinded by cost issues, some organizations forfeit guaranteed return on investment by not implementing a consistent training program for employees. Unfortunately, some learning takes place only after we acknowledge our mistakes and faults.9 Health care organizations are being subjected to ongoing changes in technology and consumer interests and preferences. Learning capabilities help organizations adapt to the ongoing changes. Focusing on training and development is making an investment in the organizationâ„ ¢s future. True success comes from emphasizing both short term operational considerations and long term developmental ones. Health care leaders must creatively meet the demands of these complementary priorities. References 1 Baptist Health Care: Where Staff Retention Drives Patient Satisfaction, A Case Study of the UCSF Center for the Health Professions from cpp.com. 2 Bring Out the Leader in Each, from allbusiness.com 3 Bolstering Staff Soft Skills Helps Hospital Face Major Challenges, A Case Study of St. Lukeâ„ ¢s Hospital and Health Network from cpp.com. 4 Druker, Peter (1993) Capitalist Society. HarperCollins, New York, NY. 5 Flynn, Walter J, Robert L. Mathis, John H. Jackson, Patrick J. Langan (2007) Healthcare Human Resource Management, Second Edition. South-Western Cengage Learning, OH USA. 6 allbusiness.com 7 Oâ„ ¢Toole, James, Edward E. Lawler III (2006) The New American Workplace. Palgrave MacMillan, New York, NY. 8 Smith, Shawn, JD, Rebecca Mazin (2004) The HR Answer Book. AMACOM, NY USA. 9 Spath, Patrice L. (2007) Guide to Effective Staff Development in Health Care Organizations: A Systems Approach to Successful Training. 10 Ukens, Lorraine L. (2001) What Smart Trainers Know, The Secrets of Success from the Worldâ„ ¢s Foremost Experts. Jossey-Bass/Pfeiffer, San Francisco CA. 11 Wells, Wendy, William Hejna (2009) Developing Leadership Talent in Healthcare Organizations: There are five key areas in which healthcare organizations can better foster the development of strong leaders among their employees. Healthcare Financial Management, from http://findartticles.com. Cascio, W. (2010). Managing human resources: productivity, quality of work life, profits. United States of America: McGraw-Hill. ?   Colquitt, J, Lepine, J, Wesson, M. (2011). Improving performance and commitment in the workplace. New York, NY: McGraw Hill.